Class+Notes

=This is where you'll find all the class notes for this course.=

 by Mr. C
El Nino and La Nina (See figures on p. 478)  1. Sometimes, deep water rises above the thermocline to the surface in a process called upwelling.  2. A La Nina event is an example of upwelling that brings cooler than normal waters to the surface of the eastern Pacific Ocean. · Cool water at the surface of the Pacific causes warm winters in southeastern North America and cool winters in the northwest.  3. In an El Nino event, unusually warm water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean leads to warmer winters in the Pacific Northwest and in eastern Canada  4. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) refers to phenomena of the El Nino and La Nina events and to changes in air pressure over the southern Pacific Ocean.

Radiation & Condution in the atomosphearns

 * insolotion - amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area (w/m2)
 * eg: angle of incidence< north and south pole pole: low

equator : high

 * albeado - amount of radiation reflected by a surface
 * eg: albado area < snow coved area & desert: high

forest and soils : low

 * weather - everything about atmosphease that is temp., atmosphaeric pressure, mosture in the atmosphease wind,ect. related to wind transfer in the atmospherase
 * remember: mass of air N2 = 28 > water (H20) = 18

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff00ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">O2 = 32 >
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * <span style="background-color: #800080; color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">air pressure - pressure is measued in pascal (Pa ) and kilopascal (kPa) --- pressure is fores per area when at sea level appox. 101.3 kPa
 * <span style="color: #00ffff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">other unit atm --- 101.3 * Pa = 1 atm 760 mmHg


 * <span style="background-color: #ff0033; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Barometer - used to measure air pressure --- contain a small capuital made changes the capsule expands or contracts.
 * <span style="background-color: #0071ff; color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Air mass - parcel of air with similar temp. asnd humidity thoughout

<span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">* Energy transfer b/w land/weather and air is responsible for temp & humidity of air
<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">
 * <span style="background-color: #13d843; color: #ff0033; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">coriolois effect - changer in the direction of moving air weather or object due to earth roatation

<Nov. 25, 09>
Temperature - Thermal Energy & Heat -

Methods of heat transfer 1) Conduction

__**What is Conduction?**__

Conduction is the transfer of heat from:

 * one substance to another
 * within a solid by direct contact of particles


 * __The Transfer of Heat__**


 * Matter with a **higher tempertature** and **greater kinetic energy** → Matter with a **lower temperature** and **lower kinetic energy**


 * Example**:

A metal spoon put in boiling water becomes hot to touch

 * Explanation:**


 * Thermal Conductors and Insulators**

Heat is transfered at different rates.

 * Thermal Conductors**


 * Materials that transfer heat easily
 * Metals are good thermal conductors


 * Insulators**

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;"> = = = =
 * Materials that __do not__ transfer heat easily
 * Air, snow, wood, and styrofoam are insulators<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">
 * Still Confused? Watch this..**

media type="youtube" key="77R4arwD8G8" height="270" width="375" align="left"
2) Convection <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· Convection is the transfer of thermal energy within a fluid and with the movement of fluid from one place to another. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Unlike conduction, convection transfers matter as well as heat. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Convection can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·  Convection current is the movement of a fluid caused by density differences.

<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· The movement of liquid in a lava lamp occurs by convection. As well as melted rock under the earths surface and clouds in the sky 3) Radiation